Frederick Herzberg extended the work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation. In 1959’s he concluded that job satisfiers were related to job content and were allied to job context.
Two-Factor Theory
The satisfiers, as well as labeled “motivations” and the dis-satisfiers, were called ‘Hygiene factors’. Taken together they become knows as Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation or Hygiene theory.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: 5 Levels, Features, Evolution.
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Hygiene Factors
According to Herzberg, hygiene factors or dis-satisfiers relates to the environment in which the employees do their work.
Therefore, When the hygiene factors fall below what the employee considers an acceptable level, He becomes dissatisfied.
However, at or above the acceptable level, dissatisfaction is removed.
Hygiene Factors:
- Company policy and administration.
- Technical supervision.
- Interpersonal relations with supervisors.
- Working conditions.
- Interpersonal relations with peers.
- Salary.
- Job security.
- Personal life.
- Interpersonal relations with subordinates.
- Status.
Yet they must be present, otherwise, dissatisfaction will arise.
Thus, they are a necessary floor to prevent dissatisfaction.
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Two Factor Theory Motivators
On the other hand, factors such as achievement recognition, growth, etc. All the satisfiers and therefore motivators.
Therefore, they all relate to the content of the nature of the job their existence will yield the feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Motivators Factors
- Achievement.
- Recognition of the intrinsic characteristics of the work itself.
- Advancement.
- The possibility of growth.
- Responsibility.
When these factors fall below an acceptable level, They prevent job satisfaction.
So According to Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory., an individual must have a job with challenging content in order to be truly motivated.
Thus, Managers have to note that only the motivators can lead workers to perform is the managers’ desire.
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Job Contents Factors in Two-Factor Theory
These factors are related to the content of the job. They are inherent in the job rather than in the surrounding environment motivational factors include the following:
- The feeling of achievement.
- Recognition.
- challenging work itself.
- Advancement.
- increased responsibility.
- opportunity for growth.
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Critical Evolution of Two-Factor Theory
Two-Factor Theory has been criticized on the following grounds:
» The theory is based on a small sample of 200 accounts and engineers which is not representative of the workforce in general.
» The theory focuses too much attention on employee “Happiness” rather than on performance level.
» Generally, The interview method used by Herzberg suffers from bias. People tend to tell the interviewer what he would like to hear rather than what they really feel. The analysis of the responses derived from this approach is highly subjective.
» The distinction between maintenance factors and motivation factors is not fixed. For Example, salary for a Japanese worker may be a maintenance factor but it is very much motivated for a common worker in India. Thus, It is wrong to say that maintenance factors are only dis-satisfiers and satisfiers. Such factors have been found as effective motivators in practice.
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Similarities between Maslow and Herzberg Theory
Herzberg Theory is closely related to Maslow’s need hierarchy. Both of them are based on human needs for motives what is which motivate an individual the hygiene or maintenance factors of Herzberg are roughly equivalent to Maslow’s lower-level needs as shown in the following figure.
Thus, The motivating factors are roughly equivalent to Maslow’s higher-level needs as shown in the following figure for Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.
There are some differences between the Two theories:
→ Maslow has given hierarchical on the sequential arrangement of human needs suggesting that any unsatisfied need weather of lower-order of higher-order will motivate individuals. Herzberg has suggested the use of motivators to improve motivation and job performance and to depend on hygiene or maintenance factors of motivation factors.
→ Herzberg has attempted to refine reinforce on the need priority in the model and has thrown new light on the content of work motivation. Maslow’s theory has been considerably modified by Herzberg especially by identifying two factors of human needs.
→ Maslow is silent on job content aspect, Where is Herzberg has emphasized job enrichment by which is sent the deliberate upgrading of responsibility, scope and challenging work.
Thus, You are here Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.
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